We modelled the distributions of two toads (Bufo bufo and Epidalea calamita) in the Iberian Peninsula using the favourabilityfunction, which makes predictions directly comparable for different species and allows fuzzy logic operations to relatedifferent models. The fuzzy intersection between individual models, representing favourability for the presence of both speciessimultaneously, was compared with another favourability model built on the presences shared by both species. The fuzzy unionbetween individual models, representing favourability for the presence of any of the two species, was compared with anotherfavourabilitymodel based on the presences of either or both of them. The fuzzy intersections between favourability for each speciesand the complementary of favourability for the other (corresponding to the logical operation “A and not B”) were compared withmodels of exclusive presence of one species versus the exclusive presence of the other. The results of modelling combined speciesdata were highly similar to those of fuzzy logic operations between individual models, proving fuzzy logic and the favourabilityfunction valuable for comparative distribution modelling. We highlight several advantages of fuzzy logic over other forms ofcombining distribution models, including the possibility to combine multiple species models for management and conservationplanning.
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